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45. Schapiro R. Managing the symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Fourth edition. New York: Demos Medical Publishing, 2003. Level of Evidence: 4

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58. Miller CM. The lived experience of relapsing multiple sclerosis: a phenomenological study. J Neurosci nurs 1997; 29(5):294-304. Level of Evidence: 3

59. Nortvedt MW, Riise T. The use of quality of life measures in multiple sclerosis research. Mult scler 2003; 9(1):63-72. Level of Evidence: 4

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62. Schwartz CE. Teaching coping skills enhances quality of life more than peer support: results of a randomized trial with multiple sclerosis patients. Health psychol 1999; 18(3):211-20. Level of Evidence: 1b

63. Slade A, Tennant A, Ford H. Meeting the information needs of people with multiple sclerosis. Int J Therapy rehab 2003; 10(5):211-7. Level of Evidence: 3

64. Vaughan R, Morrison L, Miller E. The illness representation of multiple sclerosis and their relations to outcome. Br J Health psychol 2003; 8(Pt 3):287-301. Level of Evidence: 3

65. Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Basics of best practice in the management of multiple sclerosis. London: 1999. Level of Evidence: 4

66. O’Day B. Barriers for people with multiple sclerosis who want to work: a qualitative study. J Neurol rehabil 1998; 12(3):139-46. Level of Evidence: 3

67. Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada. Assets and abilities: your guide to work, income security, and multiple sclerosis. Toronto: 2001. Level of Evidence: 4

68. De Broe S, Christopher F, Waugh N. The role of specialist nurses in multiple sclerosis: a rapid and systematic review. Health technol assess 2001; 5(17):1-37. Level of Evidence: 3

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70. McReynolds CJ, Koch LC, Rumrill JrP. Psychosocial adjustment to multiple sclerosis: Implications for rehabilitation professionals. J Voc rehabil 1999; 12(2):83-91. Level of Evidence: 4

71. Ko Ko C. Effectiveness of rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis. Clin rehabil 1999; 13 Suppl 1:33-41. Level of Evidence: 4

72. Jonsson A, Dock J, Ravnborg MH. Quality of live as a measure of rehabilitation outcome in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta neurol scand 1996; 93(4):229-35. Level of Evidence: 3

73. Freeman JA, Langdon DW, Hobart JC, et al. Inpatient rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: do the benefits carry over into the community? Neurology 1999; 52(1):50-6. Level of Evidence: 3

74. Thompson AJ. The effectiveness of neurological rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. J Rehabil res dev 2000; 37(4):455-61. Level of Evidence: 4

75. Arnoldus JH, Killestein J, Pfennings LE, et al. Quality of life during the first 6 month of interferon-beta treatment in patients with MS. Mult scler 2000; 6(5):338-42. Level of evidence: 2b

76. Bethoux F. Chapter 43: Rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis. in: Cohen J, Rudick R, eds. Multiple Sclerosis therapeutics. Second edition. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd, 2003. Level of Evidence: 4

77. Bethoux F, Miller DM, Kinkel RP. Recovery following acute exacerbation of multiple sclerosis: from impairment to quality of life. Mult scler 2001; 7(2):137-42. Level of Evidence: 2b

78. Schwid SR, Petrie MD, Murray R, et al. A randomized controlled study of the acute and chronic effects of cooling therapy of MS. Neurology 2003; 60(12):1955-60. Level of Evidence: 1b

79. Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Fischer JS et al. Benefit of interferon beta-1a on MSFC progression in secondary progressive MS. Neurology 2002; 59(5):679-87. Level of Evidence: 1b

80. Freeman JA, Thompson AJ, Fitzpartick R, et al. Interferon-beta 1b in the treatment of secondary progressive MS: impact on quality of life. Neurology 2001; 57(10):1870-5. Level of Evidence: 1b

81. Freeman JA, Thompson AJ. Community services in multiple sclerosis: still a matter of chance. J Neurol neurosurg psychiatry 2000; 69(6):728-32. Level of Evidence: 3

82. Gianino JM, York MM, Paice JA, et al. Quality of life: effect of reduced spasticity from intrathecal baclofen. J Neurosci nurs 1998; 30(1):47-54. Level of Evidence: 3

83. Granger CV, Wende K, Brownscheidle CM. Use of the FIM instrument in a trial of intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Am J Phys med rehabil 2003; 82(6):427-36. Level of Evidence: 1b

84. Kobelt G, Jönsson L, Fredrikson S. Cost-utility of interferon beta-1b in the treatment of patients with active relapsing-remitting or secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Eur J Health econom 2003; 4:50-9. Level of Evidence: 2b

85. Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: evidence-based management strategies for disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis. Paralyzed Veterans of America, 2001. Level of Evidence: 4

86. Pozzilli C, Brunetti M, Amicosante AM, et al. Home based management in multiple sclerosis: results of a randomised controlled trial. J Neurol neurosurg psychiatry 2002, 73(3):250-5. Level of Evidence: 1b

87. Rice G, Incorvaia B, Munari L et al. Interferon in relapsing-remitting MS. Cochrane database of systematic review. Issue 4 edition. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2001. Level of Evidence: 1a

88. Rice GP, Oger J, Duquette P, et al. Treatment with interferon beta-1b improves quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Can J Neurol sci 1999; 26(4):276-82. Level of Evidence: 2b

89. Schwartz CE, Coulthard-Morris L, Cole B, et al. The quality-of-life effects of interferon beta- 1b in multiple sclerosis. An extended Q-TWiST analysis. Arch Neurol 1997; 54(12):1475 80. Level of Evidence: 2b

90. Schwid S. Chapter 42: Management of cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. in: Cohen J, Rudick R, eds. Multiple sclerosis therapeutics. Second edition. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd, 2003. Level of Evidence: 4

91. Shawaryn MA, Schiaffino KM, LaRocca NG, et al. Determinants of health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: the role of illness intrusiveness. Mult scler 2002; 8(4): 310-8. Level of Evidence: 3

92. Vermersch P, de Seze J, Stojkovic T, et al. Interferon beta 1a (Avonex) treatment in multiple sclerosis: similarity of effect on progression of disability in patients with mild and moderate disability. J Neurol 2002; 249(2):184-7. Level of Evidence: 2b

93. Zivadinov R, Zorzon M, Tommasi M, et al. A longitudinal study of quality of life and side effects in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with interferon beta-1a. J Neurol sci 2003; 216(1)113-8. Level of Evidence: 3

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98. Freeman JA, Langdon DW, Hobart JC, et al. The impact of inpatient rehabilitation on progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann neurol 1997; 42(2):236-44. Level of Evidence: 1b

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100. Di Fabio R, Soderberg J, Choi T, et al. Extended outpatient rehabilitation: its influence on symptom frequency, fatigue, and functional status for persons with progressive multiple sclerosis. Arch phys med rehabil 1998; 79(2):141-6. Level of Evidence: 2a

101. Craig J, Young CA, Ennis M, et al. A randomised controlled trial comparing rehabilitation against standard therapy in multiple sclerosis patients receiving intravenous steroid treatment. J Neurol neurosurg psychiatry 2003; 74(9):1225-30. Level of Evidence: 1b

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103. Barnes MP, Gilhus NE, Wender M. Task force on minimum standards for health care of people with multiple sclerosis: June 1999. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8(3):215-20. Level of Evidence: 4

104. Benito-Leon J, Morales JM, Rivera-Navarro J, et al. A review about the impact of multiple sclerosis on health-related quality of life. Disabil rehabil 2003; 25(23):1291-303. Level of Evidence: 4

105. Dierich M. Chapter 24: Bladder dysfunction. In: Burks J, Johnson K, eds. Multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation. New York: Demos Medical Publishing, Inc, 2000. Level of Evidence: 4

106. Foley F. Talking about sexual dysfunction. New York: National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2003. Level of Evidence: 4

107. Goodin DS, Frohman EM, Garmany GP Jr, et al. Disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the MS Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Neurology 2002; 58(2):169-78. Level of Evidence: 4

108. Henriksson F, Fredrikson S, Masterman T, et al. Costs, quality of life and disease severity in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study in Sweden. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8(1):27-35. Level of Evidence: 3

109. Holland N. Talking about elimination problems. New York: National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2003. Level of Evidence: 4

110. Janardhan V., Bakshi R, Quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis: the impact of fatigue and depression. J Neurol sci 2002; 205(1):51-8. Level of Evidence: 3

111. Jeffery D. Chapter 23: Pain and dysethesia. in: Burks J, Johnson K, eds. Multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation. New York: Demos Medical Publishing, Inc, 2000, Level of Evidence: 4

112. Krupp L, Elkins L. Chapter 14: Fatigue. in: Burks J, Johnson K, eds, Multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation. New York: Demos Medical Publishing, Inc., 2000. Level of Evidence: 4

113. LaRocca N. Chapter 22: Cognitive and emotional disorders. in: Burks J, Johnson K, eds. Multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation. New York: Demos Medical Publishing, Inc., 2000. Level of Evidence: 4

114. LaRocca N. Talking about cognitive dysfunction. New York: National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2003. Level of Evidence: 4

115. Litta R. Changing relationship and roles within the family. MS in Focus 2004; 3:9-11. Level of Evidence: 4

116. Logemann J. Chapter 28: Dysphagia. In: Burks J, Johnson K, eds. Multiple sclerosis: diagnosis, medical management, and rehabilitation. New York: Demos Medical Publishing Inc., Level of Evidence: 4

117. Minden S. Talking about depression and other emotional changes. New York: National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2003. Level of Evidence: 4

118. Minden S, Frumin M, Erb J. Chapter 39: Treatment of disorders of mood and affect in multiple sclerosis. in: Cohen J, Rudick R, eds. Multiple sclerosis therapeutics. Second edition. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd, 2003. Level of Evidence: 4

119. Motta R. How to find strategies to manage the unpredictable. MS in focus 2003; 2:10-4. Level of Evidence: 4

120. Murphy N, Confavreux C, Haas J, et al. Quality of life in multiple sclerosis in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Cost of Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 65(4):460-6. Level of Evidence: 3

121. Patti F, Ciancio MR, Reggio E, et al. The impact of outpatient rehabilitation on quality of life in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2002; 249(8):1027-33. Level of Evidence: 3

122. Rizzo M. Chapter 40: Treatment of pain, paresthesias, and paroxysmal disorders in multiple sclerosis. in: Cohen J, Rudick R, eds. Multiple sclerosis therapeutics. Second edition. London: Martin Dunitz Ltd, 2003. Level of Evidence: 4

123. Samkoff L, Goodman A. Chapter 34: Disease modifying drug therapy for multiple sclerosis in clinical practice. In Cohen J, Rudick R, eds. Multiple sclerosis therapeutics. Second edition. London: Martin Dunitz, 2003. Level of Evidence: 4

124. Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Fatigue and multiple sclerosis: evidence-based management strategies for fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Paralyzed Veterans of America, 1998. Level of Evidence: 4

125. Multiple Sclerosis Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Urinary dysfunction and multiple sclerosis: evidence-based management strategies for urinary dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Paralyzed Veterans of America, 2001. Level of Evidence: 4

126. Multiple Sclerosis Society of Ireland. Diagnosed with MS? Dublin: 2003. Level of Evidence: 4

127. Multiple Sclerosis Society of Ireland. Taking control of your emotion. Dublin: 2003. Level of Evidence: 4

128. National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Management of MS-related fatigue. Expert opinion paper. New York: National Multiple Sclerosis Society ?Web Page?. 2002; Available at www.nationalmssociety.org. (Accessed 17 April 2003). Level of Evidence: 4

129. Brechin M, Burgess M. Designing an education tool for MS patients. Prof nurse 2001; 16(11):1471-4. Level of Evidence: 4

130. Janssens A, van Doorn P, de Boer J, et al. Impact of recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis on quality of life, anxiety, depression and distress of patients and partners. Acta neurol Scand 2003; 108(6):389-95. Level of Evidence: 2b

131. Johnson J. On receiving the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: managing the transition. Mult sclera 2003; 9(1).82-8. Level of Evidence: 2b

132. Parkin D, Jacoby A, McNamee P, et al. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon beta: an appraisal of cost-effectiveness and quality of life. J Neurol neurosurg psychiatry 2000; 68(2):144-9. Level of Evidence: 2b

133. Porter B, Keenan E. Nursing at a specialist diagnostic clinic for multiple sclerosis. Br J Nurs 2003: 12(11):650-6. Level of Evidence: 4

134. Vermersch P, de Seze J, Delisse B, et al. Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: influence of interferon-beta 1 a (Avonex) treatment. Mult sclera 2002; 8(5):377-81. Level of Evidence: 2b

135. Vanage SM, Gilbertson KK, Mathiowetz V. Effects of an energy conservation course on fatigue impact for persons with progressive multiple sclerosis. Am J Occup ther 2003; 57(3):315-23. Level of Evidence: 2b

136. Barrett M. Sexuality and multiple sclerosis. Toronto: Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada, 1999. Level of Evidence: 4

137. Heerings M. The role of the MS nurse. MS in focus 2003; 1:14-6. Level of Evidence: 4

138. Rothwell PM, McDowell Z, Wong CK, et al. Doctors and patients don’t agree: cross sectional study of patients’ and doctors’ perception and assessments of disability in multiple sclerosis. Be med J 1997; 314(7094):1580-3. Level of Evidence: 3

139. Benito-Leon J, Morales JM, Rivera- Navarro J. Health-related quality of life and its relationship to cognitive and emotional functioning in multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Neurol 2002; 9(5):497-502. Level of Evidence: 3

140. Amato MP, Ponziani G, Rossi F, et al. Quality of life in multiple sclerosis: the impact of depression, fatigue and disability. Mult sclera 2001; 7(5):340-4. Level of Evidence: 3

141. National Multiple Sclerosis Society. Disease management consensus statement. New York: National Multiple Sclerosis Society ?Web Page?. 2002, Available at www.nationalmssociety.org. (Accessed 13 March 2003). Level of Evidence: 4

142. Mathiowetz V, Matuska KM, Murphy ME. Efficacy of an energy conservation course for persons with multiple sclerosis. Arch phys med rehabil 2001; 82(4):449-56. Level of Evidence: 1b

143. Flensner G, Lindencrona C. The cooling-suit: case studies of its influence on fatigue among eight individuals with multiple sclerosis J Adv nurs 2002; 37(6):541-50. Level of Evidence: 3

144. Foley FW, LaRocca NG, Sanders AS, et al. Rehabilitation of intimacy and sexual dysfunction in couples with multiple sclerosis. Mult sclera 2001; 7(6):417-21. Level of Evidence: 2b

145. Fruehwald S, Loeffler-Stastka H, Eher R, et al, Depression and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Acta neurol Scand 2001; 104(5):257-61. Level of Evidence: 3

146. Metz LM, Patten SB, Archibald CJ, et al. The effect of immunomodulatory treatment on multiple sclerosis fatigue. J Neurol neurosurg psychiatry 2004; 75(7):1045-7. Level of Evidence: 3

147. Mohr D, Cox D. Multiple sclerosis: empirical literature for the clinical health psychologist. J Clin psychol 2001; 57(4):479-99. Level of Evidence: 4

148. Ward N, Winters S. Results of a fatigue management programmeme in multiple sclerosis. Br J Nurs 2003; 12(18):1075-80. Level of Evidence: 2b

149. Kasser SL, Stuart ME. Psychological well-being and exercise behaviour in persons with and without multiple sclerosis. Clin Kisesiol 2001;55(4):81-6. Level of Evidence: 3

150. Beatus J, O’Neill JK, Towesend T, et al. The effect of a one-week retreat on self-esteem, quality of life, and functional ability for persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurol rep 2002; 26(3):154-9. Level of Evidence: 2b

151. Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers. Multiple sclerosis quality of life inventory: technical supplement. New York: National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 1997. Level of Evidence: 3

152. Multiple Sclerosis International Federation. MS – the disease ?Web Page?. Available at www.msif.org. (Accessed 7 June 2004).Level of Evidence: 4

153. Devitt R, Chau B, Jutai JW. The effects of wheelchair use on the quality of life of persons with multiple sclerosis. Occup ther health care 2003; 17(3/4):63-79. Level of Evidence: 3

154. Blake DJ, Bodine C. An overview of assistive technology for persons with multiple sclerosis. J Rehabil res dev 2002; 39(2):299-312. Level of Evidence: 4

155. Flynn S. Multiple sclerosis: the treetops model of residential care. Br J Nurs 2002; 11(9):635-42. Level of Evidence: 3

156. Buchanan RJ; Wang S, Ju H. Analyses of the minimum data set: comparisons of nursing home residents with multiple sclerosis to other nursing home residents. Mult scler 2002; 8(6):512-22.Level of Evidence: 3

157. Buchanan R, Lewis K. Services that nursing facilities should provide to residents with MS: a survey of health professionals. Rehabil nurs 1997; 22(2):67-72. Level of Evidence: 4

158. Sutherland G, Andersen MB, Stoove MA. Can aerobic exercise training affect health-related quality of life for people with multiple sclerosis? J Sport exercise psychol 2001; 23(2):122-35. Level of Evidence: 1b

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160. Stuifberger AK, Seraphine A, Roberts G. An explanatory model of health promotion and quality of life in chronic disabling conditions. Nurs res 2000; 49(3):122-9. Level of Evidence: 3

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162. Mostert S, Kesselring J. Effects of a short-term exercise training programme on aerobic fitness, fatigue, health perception and activity level of subjects with multiple sclerosis. Mult sclera 2002; 8(2):161-8. Level of Evidence: 1b

163. Husted C, Pham L, Hekking A, et al. Improving quality of life for people with chronic conditions: the example of t’ai chi and multiple sclerosis. Altern ther health med 1999; 5(5):70-4. Level of Evidence: 3

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