Interferon Beta
• Cohen JA, Cutter GR, Fischer JS, Goodman Ad, Heidenreich FR, Kooijman MF, et al. Benefit of interferon â-1a on MSFC progression in secondary progressive MS. Neurology 2002; 59:679–687.

• Comi G, Filippi M, Barkhof F, et al. Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: a randomized study. Lancet 2001; (357)9268: 1576–82.

• Durelli L, Verdun E, Barbero P, et al. Every-other-day interferon beta-1b versus once-weekly interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: results of a 2-year prospective randomized multicentre study (INCOMIN). Lancet 2002; (359)9316:1453–60.

• European Study Group on interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomized trial of interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998; 352: 1491–1497.

• Filippini G, Munari L, Incorvaia B, Ebers GC, Polman C, D’Amico R, et al. Interferons in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Lancet 2003; 361:545–552.

• Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, Kindel RP, Brownscheidle CM, Murray TJ, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:898–904.

• Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1996; 39:285–294.

• Leary SM, Miller DH, Stevenson VL, Brex PA, Chard DT, Thompson AJ. Interferon beta-1a in primary progressive MS. An exploratory, randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 2003; 60:44–51.

• Li DKB, Paty DW, UBC MS/MRI Analysis Research Group, and the PRISMS Study Group. Magnetic resonance imaging results of the PRIS*MS trial: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1999; 46:197–206.

• Miller DH, Molyneux PD, Barker GJ, et al. Effect of interferon beta-1b on magnetic resonance imaging outcomes in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: Results of a European multicentre randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Ann Neurol 1999; 46:850–859.

• North American Study Group on Interferon beta-1b in Secondary Progressive MS: results from a three-year controlled study. Neurology 2004; 63:1788–1795.

• Panitch H, Goodin DS, Francis G, et al. Randomized, comparative study of interferon beta-1a treatment regimens in MS: The EVIDENCE Trial. [comment]. Neurology 2002; (59)10:1496–506.

• Paty DW, Li DKB, the UBC MS/MRI Study Group, and the IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. II. MRI analysis. Neurology 1993; 43:662–667.

• PRISMS Study Group. Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998; 352:1498–1504.

• Rudick RA, Goodkin DE, Jacobs LD, et al. The impact of interferon beta-1a on neurologic disability in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1997; 49:358–363.

• Secondary Progressive Efficacy Clinical Trial of Recombinant Interferon-beta-1a in MS Study Group. Randomized controlled trial of interferon-beta-1a in secondary progressive MS—Clinical results. Neurology 2001; (56) 11:1496–1504.

• Simon JH, Jacobs LD, Campion M, et al. Magnetic resonance studies of intramuscular interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1998; 43:79–87.

• Sorensen PS, Ross C, Clemmesen K, et al. Clinical importance of neutralising antibodies against interferon beta in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2003; (362):1184–1191.

• The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results. Neurology 1993; 43:655–661.

Glatiramer Acetate
• Comi G, Filippi M, Wolinsky JS. European/Canadian multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging–measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. European/Canadian Glatiramer Acetate Study Group. Ann Neurol 2001; (49)3: 290–7.

• Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, et al. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: Results of a phase III multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1995; 45:1268–1276.

• Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, et al. Extended use of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) is well tolerated and maintains its clinical effect on multiple sclerosis relapse rate and degree of disability. Neurology 1998; 50: 701–708.

Natalizumab
• For phase III trials, see Web site: www.FDA.com.

• Miller DH, Khan OR, Sheremata WA, Blumhardt LD, Rice GPA, Libonati MA, et al. A controlled trial of Natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:15–23.

Intravenous Immunoglobulin
• Fazekas F, Deisenhammer F, Strasser-Fuchs S, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of monthly intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1997; 349:589–593.

• Hommes OR, Sorensen PS, Fazekas F, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364:1149–1156.

• Sorensen PS, Wanscher B, Jensen CV, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin G reduces MRI activity in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1998; 50:1273–1281.

Mitoxantrone
• Edan G, Miller D, Clanet M, et al. Therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone combined with methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: A randomized multicentre study of active disease using MRI and clinical criteria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 62:112–118.

• Hartung HP, Gonsette R, Koenig N, et al. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, multicentre trial. Lancet 2002; 360:2018–25.

• Millefiorini E, Gasperini C, Pozzilli C, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of mitoxantrone in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: A 24-month clinical and MRI outcome. J Neurol 1997; 244:153–159.

Other Immunosuppressive Agents
• Goodkin DE, Rudick RA, VanderBrug, Medendorp S, et al. Low-dose (7.5 mg) oral methotrexate reduces the rate of progression in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1995; 37:30–40.

• Palace J, Rothwell P. New treatments and azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. [comment]. Lancet 1997; (350) 9073:261.

• Rice GPA for the Cladribine Clinical Study Group; and Filippi M and Comi GC for the Cladribine MRI Study Group. Cladribine and progressive MS: Clinical and MRI outcomes of a multicenter controlled trial. Neurology 2000; 54:1145–1155.

Plasmapheresis
• Keegan M, Pineda AA, McClelland RL, et al. Plasma exchange for severe attacks of CNS demyelination: predictors of response. Neurology 2002; (58):143–146.

• Weinshenker BG, O’Brien PC, Petterson TM, et al. A randomized trial of plasma exchange in acute central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease. Ann Neurol 1999; 46:878–886.

Bone Marrow Transplantation
• Comi G, Kappos L, Clanet M, et al. Guidelines for autologous blood and marrow stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: a consensus report written on behalf of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation and the European Charcot Foundation. BMT-MS Study Group. J Neurol 2000; (247)5:376–82.

• Saiz A, Blanco Y, Carreras E, et al. Clinical and MRI outcome after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in MS. Neurology 2004; (62)2:282–284.

Antiviral Treatment
• Bech E, Lycke J, Gadeberg P, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled MRI study of anti-herpes virus therapy in MS. [see comment] [summary for patients in Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2002 May; 2(3):257–8; PMID:11937004]. Neurology (58)1:31–6.

Emerging Treatments
• Hohlfeld R, Wekerle H. Autoimmune concepts of multiple sclerosis as a basis for selective immunotherapy: From pipe dreams to (therapeutic) pipelines. PNAS 2004; 101:14599–14606.

• Miller DH, Khan OA, Sheremata WA, Blumhardt LD, Rice GPA, Libonati MA, et al. A controlled trial of Natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:15–23.

• Sicotte NL, Liva SM, Klutch R, et al. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the pregnancy hormone estriol. Ann Neurol. 2002 (52)4:421–8.

• Vollmer T, Key L, Durkalski V, et al. Oral simvastatin treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. [see comment]. Lancet 2004; (363)9421:1607–8.